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While the anesthesia of wild animals is often carried out under difficult conditions, procedures for the anesthesia of zoo animals—many being of the same species encountered in the wild can usually be streamlined to reduce much of the stress encountered by their wild counterparts.

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In the zoo setting, cooperative animals can receive drugs in the same manner as domestic animals. Procedures can be simplified when the animal has been made accustomed to injections, or any other behavior that may assist the veterinary staff. When an animal is uncooperative, the use of a pole syringe, compressed gas projectors such as blowpipes or CO2rifles, and pistols may be needed to administer drugs via remote dart.

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Anesthetic protocols and drugs formulated for rapid induction and recovery can minimize stress and the risk of injury to the animals. Assessment and improvement of anesthesia are important parts of the zoo veterinarian’s duties since physiological and environmental disturbances can influence the well-being of animals.

Ketamine in the Zoo Setting

Ketamine is a dissociative general anesthetic and an NMDA-receptor antagonist. It has been FDA-approved for use in humans, sub-human primates, and cats, although it has been used in many other species. The FDA-approved indications for cats include, “for restraint, or as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic, or minor, brief, surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation… and in subhuman primates for restraint.”1

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Ketamine is used to induce general anesthesia in many species and as a constant rate infusion to provide analgesia and decrease the amount of inhalant used to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. It has been used intranasally in combination with midazolam in cats to induce sedation.2 Ketamine can inhibit NMDA receptors in the CNS and can decrease the wind-up pain effect. There is increasing interest in using it to prevent exaggerated pain associated with surgery or chronic pain states in animals.1